Circuit board including aligned nanostructures

ABSTRACT

A circuit board includes a substrate, a polar molecular layer pattern and a nonpolar molecular layer pattern, which are disposed on the substrate, a first electrode and a second electrode, which are disposed on the substrate, and one or more channels disposed on the polar molecular layer pattern and including linear nanostructures. The one or more channels facilitate to electrically couple the first electrode to the second electrode.

BACKGROUND

Recently, there is an increasing amount of interest in new devices basedon nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes and nanowires. These deviceswhich employ nanotechnology are being used in a variety of fields suchas, for example, electronics, mechanics, optics, and biologicalengineering. Since metal oxide nanowire (e.g., ZnO, In₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, etc.)may have better mobility than that of organic conductive material,attention is being focused on metal oxide nanowire as a conductivematerial in a flexible circuit device.

In the case of a circuit that has a channel formed of nanowires betweenelectrodes, the nanowires having a length shorter than the width of thechannel may be randomly distributed in the channel. When the nanowiresare randomly distributed without being aligned in the channel, contactresistance of the circuit may be increased and electrical mobility andconductivity of the circuit is possibly reduced.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, a circuit board includes a substrate, a polarmolecular layer pattern and a nonpolar molecular layer pattern, whichare disposed on the substrate, a first electrode and a second electrode,which are disposed on the substrate, and one or more channels disposedon the polar molecular layer pattern and including linearnanostructures. The one or more channels may facilitate to electricallycouple the first electrode to the second electrode.

In another embodiment a circuit board includes a substrate, a nonpolarmolecular layer pattern disposed on the substrate, a first electrode anda second electrode, which are disposed on the substrate, and one or morechannels disposed on an exposed region of the substrate that is notcovered by the nonpolar molecular layer pattern and including linearnanostructures. The one or more channels may facilitate to electricallycouple the first electrode to the second electrode.

In still another embodiment, a method of fabricating a circuit boardincludes providing a substrate, forming one or more channels havinglinear nanostructures on the substrate, and forming a first electrodeand a second electrode on the substrate and allowing the one or morechannels facilitate to electrically couple the first electrode to thesecond electrode.

The Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. The Summary is not intended to identify key features oressential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended tobe used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subjectmatter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an illustrative embodiment of a circuitboard.

FIG. 2 is a plan view (a) and a cross-sectional view (b) of the circuitboard illustrated in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is an illustrative embodiment for showing a case (a) in which asingle linear pattern is disposed between electrodes on a circuit boardand a case (b) in which one or more linear patterns are disposed betweenelectrodes on the circuit board.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of another illustrative embodiment of acircuit board.

FIG. 5 is a plan view (a) and a cross-sectional view (b) of the circuitboard illustrated in FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of still another illustrative embodimentof a circuit board.

FIG. 7 is a plan view (a) and a cross-sectional view (b) of stillanother illustrative embodiment of a circuit board.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart of an illustrative embodiment of a method forfabricating a circuit board.

FIG. 9 is a flow chart of an illustrative embodiment of a method forforming one or more channels on a substrate.

FIG. 10 is a flow chart of another illustrative embodiment of a methodfor forming one or more channels on a substrate.

FIGS. 11 to 16 are plan views (a) and cross-sectional views (b) of anillustrative embodiment for fabricating a circuit board.

FIGS. 17 to 20 are plan views (a) and cross-sectional views (b) ofanother illustrative embodiment for fabricating the circuit board.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings,similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless contextdictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in thedetailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting.Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes made be made,without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matterpresented here. It will be readily understood that the components of thepresent disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated inthe Figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, and designed in awide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitlycontemplated and make part of this disclosure. It will also beunderstood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “on” or“connected to” another element or layer, the element or layer may bedirectly on or connected to the other element or layer or interveningelements or layers may be present.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an illustrative embodiment of a circuitboard 100. FIG. 2, for example, provides a plan view (a) and across-sectional view (b) of circuit board 100. The examplecross-sectional view of (b) is taken along line A-A′ in the example planview (a). Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the circuit board 100 includes asubstrate 111, a first electrode 112, a second electrode 113, a polarmolecular layer pattern 120, a nonpolar molecular layer pattern 121 andchannels 130 including linear nanostructures 114. The substrate 111 maybe a substrate that includes, but is not limited to, a metal (e.g.,gold, aluminum) substrate, a semiconductor (e.g., silicon,silicon-on-insulator) substrate, a glass substrate, or an oxide (e.g.,SiO₂) substrate.

The polar molecular layer pattern 120 and the nonpolar molecular layerpattern 121 are disposed on the substrate 111. The upper surface of thesubstrate 111 may be divided into a region of the polar molecular layerpattern 120 and a region of the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 121.

The first electrode 112 and the second electrode 113 are disposed on thesubstrate 111. The first electrode 112 and the second electrode 113 maybe conductors formed of, for example, metal or doped polysilicon. Eachof the first electrode 112 and the second electrode 113 may have asingle-layer structure or a multilayer structure with a gold layer 122and a palladium layer 123 as shown in FIG. 2.

In one embodiment, the polar molecular layer pattern 120 may include oneor more linear patterns. In one example, the polar molecular layerpattern 120 may include one or more linear patterns alternately disposedwith the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 121. The one or more linearpatterns may be disposed in parallel with one another between the firstelectrode 112 and the second electrode 113. A linear pattern, forexample, may have a respective width (w). The nonpolar molecular layerpattern 121 may be disposed between linear patterns of polar molecularlayer pattern 120. The width (w) of a linear pattern, may be, forexample, several nanometers (nm) to several micrometers (gn). A linearpattern having such a width may be fabricated using a microfabricationprocess such as, for example, photolithography or electron beamlithography. In order for the linear nanostructures 114 to be aligned ina longitudinal direction (L) of a linear pattern, the width (w) of thelinear pattern, for example, may be selected depending on the lengths ofthe linear nanostructures 114. As a ratio of the width of the linearpattern to the average length of the linear nanostructures 114 getssmaller, the probability that the linear nanostructures 114 are alignedin the longitudinal direction (L) of the linear nanostructures 114 mayincrease. For example, the width (w) of the linear pattern may be lessthan ½ of the average length of the linear nanostructures 114. In someembodiments, the widths of the linear patterns formed on the circuitboard 100 may be equal to or different from one another.

As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, in one embodiment, the linearnanostructures 114 on a linear pattern of the polar molecular layerpattern 120 may form the channel 130 and electrically connect or couplethe first electrode 112 to the second electrode 113. The linearnanostructures 114 may adhere to the surface of the polar molecularlayer pattern 120 by force such as, for example, electrostaticattractive force. In addition, the linear nanostructures 114 may besubstantially confined inside one or more linear patterns of the polarmolecular layer pattern 120. Being substantially confined inside the oneor more linear patterns, for example, means that even a portion of eachbody of the linear nanostructures 114 attached to the polar molecularlayer pattern 120 does not invade a region of the adjacent nonpolarmolecular layer pattern 121, but rather each body of the linearnanostructures 114 is almost wholly positioned inside the one or morelinear patterns of the polar molecular layer pattern 120.

In one embodiment, the polar molecular layer pattern 120 may be chargedwith positive or negative electricity in accordance with the usedmaterial thereof. When oxide nanostructures are used as one example ofthe linear nanostructures 114, the oxide nanostructures may usually havepositive or negative surface charges. For example, zinc oxide (ZnO)nanowires may have positive surface charges and vanadium oxide (V₂O₅)nanowires may have negative surface charges. When the oxidenanostructures having the positive or negative surface charges areprovided onto the polar molecular pattern 120, the oxide nanostructuresmay adhere to the surface of the polar molecular layer pattern 120 byelectrostatic interaction between the oxide nanostructures and the polarmolecular layer pattern 120.

In one embodiment, when the substrate 111 is formed of gold, the polarmolecular layer pattern 120 may be, for example, a self-assembledmonolayer (SAM) having a compound with a carboxyl group end(—COOH/—COO⁻). In this case, the polar molecular layer pattern 120 maybe charged with negative electricity. The compound having the carboxylgroup end may be, for example, 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MEA). Inanother embodiment when the substrate 111 is formed of gold, the polarmolecular layer pattern 120 may be, for example, a SAM having a compoundwith an amino group end (—NH₂/—NH₃ ⁺) or 2-mercaptoimidazole (2-MI). Inthis case, the polar molecular layer pattern 120 may be charged withpositive electricity. The compound with the amino group end may be, forexample, cysteamine. In still another embodiment, when the substrate 111is formed of silica (SiO₂), the polar molecular layer pattern 120 maybe, for example, an SAM having aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). Inthis case, the polar molecular layer pattern 120 may be charged withpositive electricity.

The nonpolar molecular layer pattern 121, for example, is not chargedwith positive or negative electricity but may be neutral. Accordingly,the oxide nanostructure may not be attached to the nonpolar molecularlayer pattern 121. Even when the oxide nanostructure is attached to thenonpolar molecular layer pattern 121, the oxide nanostructure may berelatively easily detached from the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 121compared to the oxide nanostructure attached to the polar molecularlayer pattern 120. The nonpolar molecular layer pattern 121 may be, forexample, a SAM having a compound with a methyl end. In one embodimentwhen the substrate 111 is formed of gold, the suitable material forforming the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 121 may be, for example, athiol compound such as 1-octadecanethiol (ODT). In another embodiment,when the substrate 111 is formed of silica, silicon, or aluminum, thesuitable material for forming the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 121may be, for example, a silane compound such as octadecyltrichlorosilane(OTS), octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) or octadecyltriethoxysilane(OTE). The polar molecular layer pattern 120 and the nonpolar molecularlayer pattern 121 may be formed by, for example, a dip-pennanolithography (DPN) method, a microcontact printing method (ECP) or aphotolithography method.

In one embodiment, the channels 130 may include the linearnanostructures 114. A channel from among the channels 130, for example,may be formed on a linear pattern of the polar molecular layer pattern120 and may facilitate to electrically couple or connect the firstelectrode 112 to the second electrode 113. Each of the channels 130 mayhave at least one of the linear nanostructures 114.

As illustrated, the linear nanostructures 114 are connected to the firstelectrode 112 and the second electrode 113. Connecting the linearnanostructures 114 to the first electrode 112 and the second electrode113 is not limited to a case in which each of the linear nanostructures114 is directly connected to the first electrode 112 and the secondelectrode 113. To detail this, a portion of one linear nanostructure ofthe nanostructures 114 may be electrically coupled to the firstelectrode 112, a portion of another linear nanostructure of thenanostructures 114 may be electrically coupled to the second electrode113, and the one linear nanostructure and the another linearnanostructure may be electrically coupled to each other. In addition, aportion of one linear nanostructure of the linear nanostructures 114 maybe electrically coupled to the first electrode 112, a portion of anotherlinear nanostructure of the linear nanostructures 114 may beelectrically coupled to the second electrode 113, and the one linearnanostructure and the another nanostructure may be electrically coupledto each other via yet another linear nanostructure of the linearnanostructures 114.

In one embodiment, the linear nanostructures 114 may include, but is notlimited to, a nanotube, a nanowire, or a nanorod. The nanotube, forexample, may be a carbon nanotube. The nanowire and nanorod, forexample, may be formed of various materials including a conductivepolymer, vanadium oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, cadmiumoxide, silicon, germanium, gallium nitride, or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the linear nanostructures 114 may be aligned in alongitudinal direction L of the one or more linear patterns of the polarmolecular layer pattern 120. The alignment of the linear nanostructures114 in the longitudinal direction L does not mean that all of the linearnanostructures 114 are aligned in the longitudinal direction L. Thealignment of the linear nanostructures 114 in the longitudinal directionL excludes a case in which the linear nanostructures 114 are arbitrarilydisposed. The alignment of the linear nanostructures 114 in thelongitudinal direction L may mean that the linear nanostructures 114 areintentionally aligned in the longitudinal direction L. For example, whenthe number of nanostructures having an angle of 45 degrees or less withrespect to the longitudinal direction L is at least two times the numberof the nanostructures having an angle exceeding 45 degrees with respectto the longitudinal direction L, it can be determined that the linearnanostructures 114 are aligned in the longitudinal direction L. When thelinear nanostructures 114 are aligned in the longitudinal direction L, aresistance between the first electrode 112 and the second electrode 113may be reduced compared to the case in which the linear nanostructures114 are arbitrarily disposed. This will be described below withreference to FIG. 3.

In one embodiment the linear nanostructures 114 may be used as aconducting wire for electrically coupling the first electrode 112 to thesecond electrode 113. For example, the linear nanostructures 114 may beapplied to a DNA sensor or a transistor.

The circuit board 100 does not necessarily include a closed circuitformed in the substrate 111. That is, the circuit board 100 may includethe first electrode 112, the second electrode 113, which are formed onthe substrate 111, and the linear nanostructures 114 which electricallycouple the first and second electrodes without the closed circuit.

FIG. 3 is an illustrative embodiment for showing a case (a) in which asingle linear pattern is disposed between electrodes 312 and 313 on acircuit board and a case (b) in which one or more linear patterns aredisposed between electrodes 312 and 313 on the circuit board. Referringto (a) of FIG. 3, in one embodiment, a polar molecular layer pattern 320and a nonpolar molecular layer pattern 321 are disposed on a substrate(not shown). When the polar molecular layer pattern 320, for example, isformed of a single linear pattern having a width (W) and is disposedbetween a first electrode 312 and a second electrode 313, linearnanostructures 314 are randomly distributed on the polar molecular layerpattern 320. When the width (W) is greater than the average length ofthe linear nanostructures 314, for example, the linear nanostructures314 may not be aligned. Therefore, an electron as a charge carrier willlikely pass through a number of junctions when the electron starts fromthe first electrode 312 until the electron reaches the second electrode313. The junctions described above refer to junctions formed between thelinear nanostructures 314. As the number of junctions is increased, themobility and conductivity of electrons in channels formed of the linearnanostructures 314 may be deteriorated.

Meanwhile, referring to (b) of FIG. 3, in one embodiment, the polarmolecular layer pattern 120 and the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 121are disposed on a substrate (not shown). When the polar molecular layerpattern 120 having one or more linear patterns with narrower widths thanthat of the linear pattern in (a) of FIG. 3 are disposed between thefirst electrode 112 and the second electrode 113, for example, thelinear nanostructures 114 disposed on the linear patterns may be alignedin a longitudinal direction of the linear patterns.

In one embodiment, as illustrated in (a) and (b) of FIG. 3, the linearpatterns having widths of w1, w2, w3 and w4 are disposed in parallelwith one another between the first electrode 112 and the secondelectrode 113, and the sum of the widths of the linear patterns is equalto or smaller than the width of the linear pattern illustrated in (a) ofFIG. 3 (that is, w1+w2+w3+w4≦W, w1 to w4 may be equal to or differentfrom one another). In this case, a linear pattern shown in (b) of FIG. 3may have a relatively narrower width than that of the linear patternshown in (a) of FIG. 3. Thus, in one embodiment, a narrower linearpattern may cause the linear nanostructures 114 to be more aligned alongthe narrower linear pattern. Therefore, with a narrow linear pattern, anelectron as a charge carrier may pass through a smaller number of (i.e.,less) junctions as the electron starts from the first electrode 112until the electron reaches the second electrode 113. As the number ofjunctions is decreased, for example, the mobility and conductivity ofelectrons in channels formed of the linear nanostructures 114 may beimproved.

Although it is illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 4 that four channels are formedon a circuit board, more or fewer than four channels may be formed. Forexample, the number of channels may be determined to maintain theresistance value between the electrodes 112 and 113 in a case of theplurality of channels to be smaller than in a case of a single channel.In this case, the sum of the widths of the plurality of channels may beequal to or less than the width of the single channel.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of another illustrative embodiment of acircuit board. FIG. 5 is a plan view (a) and a cross-sectional view (b)of the circuit board illustrated in FIG. 4. The cross-sectional view istaken along line A-A′ in the plan view. Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, acircuit board 400 includes a substrate 411, a first electrode 412, asecond electrode 413, a nonpolar molecular layer pattern 421, and achannels 430 having linear nanostructures 414.

The substrate 411 may be a metal (e.g., gold, aluminum) substrate, asemiconductor (e.g., silicon, silicon-on-insulator) substrate, a glasssubstrate, or an oxide (e.g., SiO₂) substrate. The nonpolar molecularlayer pattern 421 is disposed on the substrate 411. The upper surface ofthe substrate 411 may be divided into an exposed region of the substrate411 and a region of the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 421. That is,the exposed region of the substrate 411 indicates the region that is notcovered by the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 421.

The first electrode 412 and the second electrode 413 are disposed on thesubstrate 411. The first electrode 412 and the second electrode 413 maybe conductors formed of, for example, metal or doped polysilicon. Eachof the first electrode 412 and the second electrode 413 may have asingle-layer structure or a multilayer structure with a gold layer 422and a palladium layer 423 as shown in FIG. 5.

In one example, the exposed region of the substrate 411 may include oneor more linear patterns alternately disposed with the nonpolar molecularlayer pattern 421. The linear patterns may be disposed in parallel withone another between the first electrode 412 and the second electrode413. A linear pattern, for example, may have a respective width (w). Thenonpolar molecular layer pattern 421, for example, may be disposedbetween the linear patterns. The width (w) of a linear pattern may be,for example, several nm to several tan. The linear pattern having such awidth may be fabricated using a microfabrication process such as, forexample, photolithography or electron beam lithography. In order for thelinear nanostructures 414 to be aligned in a longitudinal direction (L)of a linear pattern, the width (w) of the linear pattern may be selecteddepending on the lengths of the linear nanostructures 414. As a ratio ofthe width of the linear pattern to the average length of the linearnanostructures 414 gets smaller, for example, the probability that thelinear nanostructures 414 are aligned in the longitudinal direction (L)of the each linear pattern may increase. For example, the width (w) ofthe linear pattern may be less than ½ of the average length of thelinear nanostructures 414. In some embodiments, the widths of the linearpatterns formed on the circuit board 400 may be equal to or differentfrom one another.

As illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5, in one embodiment, the linearnanostructures 414 on a linear pattern of the exposed region of thesubstrate 411 form the channel 430 and electrically connect or couplethe first electrode 412 to the second electrode 413. The linearnanostructures 414 may adhere to the exposed region of the substrate 411by force such as, for example, electrostatic attractive force. Inaddition, the linear nanostructures 414 may be confined inside one ormore linear patterns of the exposed region of the substrate 411. Beingconfined inside the one or more linear patterns, for example, means thateven a portion of each body of the linear nanostructures 414 attached tothe exposed region of the substrate 411 does not invade a region of theadjacent nonpolar molecular layer pattern 421, but rather each body ofthe linear nanostructures 414 is almost wholly positioned inside the oneor more linear patterns.

In one embodiment, the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 421, theplurality of channels 430, the linear nanostructures 414, and thecircuit board 400 are substantially the same as the nonpolar molecularlayer pattern 121, the plurality of channels 130, the linearnanostructures 114, and the circuit board 100 described with referenceto FIGS. 1 and 2, so that a detailed description thereof is omitted forsimplicity. As described above, the linear nanostructures 414 areattached to the exposed region of the substrate 411. The surface of thesubstrate 411 is originally polarized, so that the surface of thesubstrate 411 can act similarly to the polar molecular layer pattern120. That is, the linear nanostructures 414 may not be attached to thenonpolar molecular layer pattern 421 but be attached to the exposedregion of the substrate 411, so that the linear nanostructures 414 canbe aligned in the longitudinal direction of the each linear pattern ofthe exposed region.

A resistance value between the electrodes 412 and 413 may be lowered bynarrowing the width of a linear pattern. As illustrated in FIGS. 4 and5, for example, a plurality of linear patterns having relatively narrowwidths may improve the alignment of the linear nanostructures 414. Eventhough the sum of the widths of the linear patterns is equal to thewidth of a single linear pattern, the resistance value between theelectrodes 412 and 413 may be lowered. For example, a number of thechannels 430 may be determined to maintain the resistance value betweenthe electrodes 412 and 413 in a case of a plurality of channels 430 tobe smaller than in a case of a single channel. In this case, the sum ofthe widths of the channels 430 may be equal to or less than the width ofthe single channel.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of still another illustrative embodimentof a circuit board 600. Like the circuit boards 100 and 400 describedwith reference to FIGS. 1 and 4, a circuit board 600 includes electrodes612 and 613 and a channels 630 including linear nanostructures 614. Thechannels 630 may be disposed on one or more linear patterns of a polarmolecular layer pattern 620 or one or more linear patterns of an exposedregion of the substrate 611 that are not covered by a nonpolar molecularlayer pattern 621.

In one embodiment, the circuit board 600 may further include at leastone additional linear pattern connecting adjacent linear patterns toeach other. Referring to FIG. 6, in this example, the circuit board 600may further include at least one additional channel 635 connecting theadjacent channels to each other in addition to the plurality of channels630. The at least one additional channel 635 may include linearnanostructures 614. The at least one additional channel 635 may crosstwo or more adjacent channels of the plurality of channels 630, so thatat least one additional channel 635 may be connected to the two or moreadjacent channels. An angle between each of the plurality of channels630 and the at least one additional channel 635 may be, for example, 90degrees or less.

In one embodiment the channels 630 connecting the electrodes 612 and 613may include networks of the linear nanostructures 614. When somechannels of the plurality of channels 630 break in the process offabricating or operating the circuit board 600, these defects may causethe resistance between the electrodes 612 and 613 to increase. However,as illustrated in FIG. 6, when there is the at least one additionalchannel 635, an electric current may bypass to another adjacent channelelectrically connected to the at least one additional channel 635 inspite of these defects.

FIG. 7 is a plan view (a) and a cross-sectional view (b) of stillanother illustrative embodiment of a circuit board. The cross-sectionalview is taken along line A-A′ in the plan view. Like the circuit boards100 and 400 described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 4, a circuit board700 includes electrodes 712 and 713 and a plurality of channels 730including linear nanostructures 714. As illustrated in FIG. 7, theplurality of channels 730 may be disposed on a polar molecular layerpattern 720 or on an exposed region (not shown) of a substrate 710 thatis not covered by a nonpolar molecular layer pattern 721. An additionalpolar molecular layer pattern 720′ and an additional nonpolar molecularlayer pattern 721′ are disposed on the plurality of channels 730. Inaddition, a plurality of additional channels 730′ electricallyconnecting the first electrode 712 to the second electrode 713 may bedisposed on the additional polar molecular layer pattern 720′. Theplurality of additional channels 730′ are electrically isolated from theplurality of channels 730 by the additional polar molecular layerpattern 720′ and the additional nonpolar molecular layer pattern 721′disposed therebetween. To be more reliably electrically isolated, aninsulating layer (not shown) may be interposed between a layer of theplurality of channels 730 and a layer of the additional polar molecularlayer pattern 720′ and the additional nonpolar molecular layer pattern721′. The plurality of additional channels 730′ include additionalnanostructures 714′

In some embodiments, a plurality of additional channels may have amultilayer structure including two or more stacked layers using theabove-described method. The circuit board 700 of FIG. 7 has the linearnanostructures 714′ aligned in each of the plurality of additionalchannels 730′, which enhancing mobility and conductivity of the circuitboard 700. In addition, the plurality of additional channels 730′ arethree-dimensionally formed, so that limited space resulting fromtwo-dimensionally formed channels between the first electrode 712 andthe second electrode 713 can be overcome.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart of an illustrative embodiment of a method forfabricating a circuit board. Beginning in block 810, in one embodiment,a substrate for fabricating a circuit board is provided. For example,the substrate may be a metal (e.g., gold, aluminum) substrate, asemiconductor (e.g., silicon, silicon-on-insulator) substrate, a glasssubstrate, or an oxide (e.g., SiO₂) substrate.

In block 820, in one embodiment, a plurality of channels having linearnanostructures is formed on the substrate. In this case, an assembly ofthe linear nanostructures may form a channel, and the channel may beplurally formed on the substrate. The linear nanostructures may include,for example, a nanotube, a nanowire, or a nanorod. The nanotube may be acarbon nanotube. The nanowire and nanorod may be formed of variousmaterials including a conductive polymer, vanadium oxide, indium oxide,zinc oxide, tin oxide, cadmium oxide, silicon, germanium, galliumnitride, or a combination thereof. The circuit board does notnecessarily include a closed circuit when forming a circuit on thesubstrate, and may have the first electrode, the second electrode andthe linear nanostructures on the substrate without the closed circuit.

In block 830, in one embodiment, a first electrode and a secondelectrode are formed on the substrate to allow the channels toelectrically connect the first electrode to the second electrode. Thefirst electrode and the second electrode may be conductors, and maycontact channels having linear nanostructures. As a result, the circuitboard is fabricated.

FIG. 9 is a flow chart of an illustrative embodiment of a method forforming a plurality of channels on a substrate. In block 821, a polarmolecular layer pattern and a nonpolar molecular layer pattern areformed on a substrate. The polar molecular layer pattern may be formedto have a plurality of linear patterns. The polar molecular layerpattern may be charged with positive or negative electricity, and thuscan attract the linear nanostructures having positive or negativecharges. Whereas, the nonpolar molecular layer pattern is not chargedwith positive or negative electricity but rather may be neutral.

In block 822, in one embodiment the linear nanostructures areself-assembled in the polar molecular layer pattern to form a pluralityof channels. The linear nanostructures may be self-assembled in one ormore linear patterns of the polar molecular layer pattern to form aplurality of channels. The surfaces of the linear nanostructures may becharged with positive or negative electricity, and thus the linearnanostructures may be self-assembled in the polar molecular layer byelectrostatic interaction. Since the linear nanostructures are formedalong a linear pattern from among the one or more linear patterns of thepolar molecular layer, the plurality of channels having the linearnanostructures can be formed.

FIG. 10 is a flow chart of another illustrative embodiment of a methodfor forming a plurality of channels on a substrate. In block 823, in oneembodiment, a nonpolar molecular layer pattern is formed on a substrate.An exposed region of the substrate, which is a region that is notcovered by the nonpolar molecular layer pattern, may be charged withpositive or negative electricity like the polar molecular layer patterndescribed in FIG. 9 and thus can attract the linear nanostructureshaving positive or negative charges. Whereas, the nonpolar molecularlayer pattern is not charged with positive or negative electricity butrather may be neutral.

In block 824, in one embodiment, the linear nanostructures areself-assembled in the exposed region of the substrate that is notcovered by the nonpolar molecular layer pattern, so that a plurality ofchannels is formed. The surfaces of the linear nanostructures arecharged with positive or negative electricity, and thus the linearnanostructures may be self-assembled in the exposed region of thesubstrate surface by electrostatic interaction. Since the linearnanostructures are formed along one or more linear patterns of theexposed substrate surface, the plurality of channels having the linearnanostructures can be formed.

In still another embodiment, when the channels are formed by theself-assembling of the linear nanostructures in blocks 822 and 824, atleast one additional channel connecting the channels adjacent to eachother may be further formed on the substrate. The at least oneadditional channel is described with reference to FIG. 6.

FIGS. 11 to 16 are plan views (a) and cross-sectional views (b) of anillustrative embodiment for fabricating a circuit board. Thecross-sectional view (b) of each drawing is taken along line A-A′ in theplan view. Referring to FIG. 11, in one embodiment, a substrate 1111 isprovided. Various kinds of substrates may be used as the substrate 1111such as a metal (e.g., gold, aluminum) substrate, a semiconductor (e.g.,silicon, silicon on insulator) substrate, a glass substrate or an oxide(e.g., SiO₂) substrate.

Referring to FIG. 12, in one embodiment a polar molecular layer pattern1120 and a nonpolar molecular layer pattern 1121 are formed on thesubstrate 1111. After the formation of the polar molecular layer pattern1120 and the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 1121, the upper surface ofthe substrate 1111 may be divided into a region of the polar molecularlayer pattern 1120 and a region of the nonpolar molecular layer pattern1121. The polar molecular layer pattern 1120 may include a plurality oflinear patterns alternately disposed with the nonpolar molecular layerpattern 1121. The plurality of linear patterns may be disposed inparallel with one another between the first electrode 1112 and thesecond electrode 1113.

In one embodiment, the polar molecular layer pattern 1120 may be chargedwith positive or negative electricity in accordance with the usedmaterial thereof. When an oxide nanostructure as one example of thenanostructures usually having surface charges is provided onto the polarmolecular pattern 1120, the oxide nanostructure adheres to the surfaceof the polar molecular layer pattern 1120 by electrostatic interactionbetween the oxide nanostructure and the polar molecular layer pattern1120. In one embodiment, when the substrate 1111 is formed of gold, thepolar molecular layer pattern 1120 may be, for example, a self-assembledmonolayer (SAM) having a compound with a carboxyl group end(—COOH/—COO⁻). In this case, the polar molecular layer pattern 1120 maybe charged with negative electricity. The compound having the carboxylgroup end may be, for example, 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA). Inanother embodiment, when the substrate 1111 is formed of gold, the polarmolecular layer pattern 1120 may be, for example, a SAM having acompound with an amino group end (—NH₂/—NH₃ ⁺) or a SAM having2-mercaptoimidazole (2-MI). In this case, the polar molecular layerpattern 1120 may be charged with positive electricity. The compound withthe amino group end may be, for example, cysteamine. In still anotherembodiment, when the substrate 1111 is formed of silica (SiO₂), thepolar molecular layer pattern 1120 may be, for example, an SAM havingaminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). In this case, the polar molecularlayer pattern 120 may be charged with positive electricity.

In one embodiment the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 1121 may not becharged with positive or negative electricity but rather may be neutral.Accordingly, the oxide nanostructure may not be attached to the nonpolarmolecular layer pattern 1121. Even when the oxide nanostructure isattached to the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 1121, it may berelatively easily detached from the nonpolar molecular layer pattern1121 compared to the oxide nanostructure attached to the polar molecularlayer pattern 1120. The nonpolar molecular layer pattern 1121 may be,for example, an SAM having a compound with a methyl end. In oneembodiment, when the substrate 1111 is formed of gold, the suitablematerial for forming the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 1121 may be athiol compound such as 1-octadecanethiol (ODT). In another embodiment,when the substrate 1111 is formed of silica, silicon, or aluminum, thesuitable material for forming the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 1121may be, for example, a silane compound such as octadecyltrichlorosilane(OTS), octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) or octadecyltriethoxysilane(OTE). The polar molecular layer pattern 1120 and the nonpolar molecularlayer pattern 1121 may be formed by, for example, a dip-pennanolithography (DPN) method, a microcontact printing method (μCP) or aphotolithography method.

Referring to FIG. 13, in one embodiment linear nanostructures 1114 areself-assembled in the polar molecular layer pattern 1120. In oneembodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 14, the linear nanostructures 1114may be self-assembled in the polar molecular layer pattern 1120 byimmersing the substrate 1111 in a solution 1130 including the linearnanostructures 1114. In another embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 15,the linear nanostructures 1114 may be self-assembled in the polarmolecular layer pattern 1120 by immersing the substrate 1111 in thesolution 1130 including the linear nanostructures 1114 and applying abias voltage between the solution 1130 and the substrate 1111. In oneexample, when the bias voltage is applied between the solution 1130 andthe substrate 111 the linear nanostructures 1114 may be self-assembledin the polar molecular layer pattern 1120 at an improved speed. Forexample, when a negative (−) bias is applied to the substrate 1111 wherethe polar molecular layer pattern 1120 charged with negative electricityis formed, at least one nanostructure of the linear nanostructures 1114charged with positive electricity may be self-assembled in the polarmolecular layer pattern 1120 at a higher speed. Whereas, when a positive(+) bias is applied to the substrate 1111 where the polar molecularlayer pattern 1120 charged with positive electricity is formed, at leastone nanostructure of the linear nanostructures 1114 charged withnegative electricity may be self-assembled in the polar molecular layerpattern 1120 at a higher speed.

The solution 1130 including the linear nanostructures 1114, for example,carbon nanotubes, may be formed by putting the carbon nanotubes into1,2-dichlorobenzene and applying ultrasonic waves thereto. In addition,a solution including nanowires may be formed by putting the nanowiresinto deionized water or an organic solvent and applying ultrasonic wavesthereto.

Even though the linear nanostructures 1114 are not oxides themselves,their surfaces may be oxidized in the air and then charged with positiveor negative electricity. Accordingly, when the substrate 1111 isimmersed in the solution 1130 including the charged linearnanostructures 1114 as described above, the linear nanostructures 1114may be adsorbed onto the polar molecular layer pattern 1120 caused byelectrostatic interaction between the polar molecular layer pattern 1120and the linear nanostructures 1114.

The electrostatic interaction between the linear nanostructures 1114 andthe polar molecular layer pattern 1120 may be a charge-chargeinteraction or a van der Waals force such as a dipole-driven force. Inone embodiment, zinc oxide (ZnO) exhibits a positive charge due to thepresence of an oxygen vacancy, so that the nanostructures formed of thezinc oxide may be strongly adsorbed onto the surface of the polarmolecular layer pattern 1120 charged with negative electricity. Inanother embodiment, vanadium oxide (V₂O₅) exhibits a negative charge, sothat it may be adsorbed onto the surface of the polar molecular layerpattern 1120 charged with positive electricity. In still anotherembodiment, the carbon nanotube may be adsorbed onto not only thesurface of the polar molecular layer pattern 1120 charged with positiveelectricity but also the surface of the polar molecular layer pattern1120 charged with negative electricity.

Referring to FIG. 16, in one embodiment, a first electrode 1112 and asecond electrode 1113 are formed on the polar molecular layer pattern1120. The first electrode 1112 and the second electrode 1113 may beconductors, and may be, for example, a metal such as aluminum (Al),palladium (Pd), titanium (Ti), or gold (Au), or doped polysilicon. Eachof the first electrode 1112 and the second electrode 1113 may have asingle-layer structure or a multilayer structure (e.g., Au/Pd or Au/Ti).As illustrated in FIG. 16, for example, each of the first electrode 1112and the second electrode 1113 may have a multilayer structure having agold (Au) layer 1122 and a palladium (Pd) layer 1123. Patterning of thefirst electrode 1112 and the second electrode 1113 may be carried outby, for example, a photolithography process and a lift-off process.Referring to FIGS. 12 to 16, in one embodiment, the linearnanostructures 1114 is attached to the polar molecular layer pattern1120 before the first electrode 1112 and the second electrode 1113 areformed. Alternatively, the linear nanostructures 1114 may be attached tothe polar molecular layer pattern 1120 after the first electrode 1112and the second electrode 1113 are formed. When the linear nanostructures1114 are self-assembled in the polar molecular layer pattern 1120, thelinear nanostructures 1114 may be aligned in a longitudinal direction(L) of the linear patterns of the polar molecular layer pattern 1120. Asthe widths w1 to w4 of the linear patterns are narrower, for example, anextent to which the linear nanostructures 1114 are aligned in thelongitudinal direction (L) may be increased. For example, the width ofeach linear pattern may be less than ½ of the average length of thelinear nanostructures 1114.

FIGS. 17 to 20 are plan views (a) and cross-sectional views (b) ofanother illustrative embodiment for fabricating the circuit board. Thecross-sectional view (b) of each drawing is taken along line A-A′ in theplan view.

Referring to FIG. 17, in one embodiment, a substrate 1711 is provided.Various kinds of substrates such as a metal (e.g., gold, aluminum)substrate, a semiconductor (e.g., silicon, silicon on insulator)substrate, a glass substrate or an oxide (e.g., SiO₂) substrate may beused as the substrate 1711.

Referring to FIG. 18, in one embodiment, a nonpolar molecular layerpattern 1721 is formed on the substrate 1711. Various kinds of materialsapplied to the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 1121 described withreference to FIG. 12 may be used for the nonpolar molecular layerpattern 1721. In forming the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 1721 onthe substrate 1711, the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 1721 is formedto expose a portion of the upper surface of the substrate 1711, asillustrated in the drawing. The exposed region of the substrate 1711that is not covered by the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 1721 mayinclude a plurality of linear patterns alternately disposed with thenonpolar molecular layer pattern 1721. The linear patterns may bedisposed in parallel with one another between the first electrode 1712and the second electrode 1713.

Referring to FIG. 19, in one embodiment, linear nanostructures 1714 areself-assembled in the exposed region of the substrate 1711. In oneembodiment, the linear nanostructures 1714 may be self-assembled in theexposed region by immersing the substrate 1711 into a solution 1730including the linear nanostructures 1714. In another embodiment, thelinear nanostructures 1714 may be self-assembled in the exposed regionby immersing the substrate 1711 into a solution 1730 including thelinear nanostructures 1714 and applying a bias voltage between thesolution 1730 and the substrate 1711. Since such an immersion is similarto those shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, a detailed description thereof willbe omitted.

Referring to FIG. 20, in one embodiment, a first electrode 1712 and asecond electrode 1713 are formed on the substrate 1711. Various kinds ofmaterials applied to the first electrode 1112 and the second electrode1113 described with reference to FIG. 16 may be used for the firstelectrode 1712 and the second electrode 1713. In the drawing, each ofthe first electrode 1712 and the second electrode 1713 has a multilayerstructure having a gold (Au) layer 1722 and a palladium (Pd) layer 1723.

Referring to FIGS. 18 to 20, in one embodiment, the linearnanostructures 1714 are attached to the exposed region of the substrate1711 before the first electrode 1712 and the second electrode 1713 areformed. Alternatively, the linear nanostructures 1714 may be attached tothe exposed region of the substrate 1711 after the first electrode 1712and the second electrode 1713 are formed. When the linear nanostructures1714 are self-assembled in the exposed region, the linear nanostructures1714 may be aligned in a longitudinal direction (L) of the linearpatterns of the exposed region. As the widths w1 to w4 of the linearpatterns are narrower, for example, an extent to which the linearnanostructures 1714 are aligned in the longitudinal direction (L) may beincreased. For example, the width of each linear pattern may be lessthan ½ of the average length of the linear nanostructures 1714.

In one embodiment, the linear nanostructures 1714 are attached to aregion of the substrate 1711 where the nonpolar molecular layer pattern1721 is not formed. The surface of the substrate 1711 is naturallypolarized, so that it can act similarly to the polar molecular layerpattern 1720. That is, the linear nanostructures 1714 may not beattached to the nonpolar molecular layer pattern 1720 but to the exposedregion of the substrate 1711 and aligned in the longitudinal directionof the linear patterns of the exposed region.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that various embodiments ofthe present disclosure have been described herein for purposes ofillustration, and that various modifications may be made withoutdeparting from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.Accordingly, the various embodiments disclosed herein are not intendedto be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by thefollowing claims.

1. A circuit board comprising: a substrate; a polar molecular layerpattern and a nonpolar molecular layer pattern, which are disposed onthe substrate; a first electrode and a second electrode, which aredisposed on the substrate; and one or more channels disposed on thepolar molecular layer pattern, the one or more channels including linearnanostructures, wherein the one or more channels facilitate electricalcoupling of the first electrode to the second electrode, wherein the oneor more channels are each disposed between two or more linear portionsof the nonpolar molecular layer pattern, and wherein a width of at leastone of the channels is less than half of the average length of thelinear nanostructures.
 2. The circuit board of claim 1, wherein thepolar molecular layer pattern is a monolayer pattern having a compoundwith an amino group end or a carboxyl group end.
 3. The circuit board ofclaim 1, wherein the nonpolar molecular layer pattern is a monolayerpattern having a compound with a methyl end.
 4. The circuit board ofclaim 1, wherein the linear nanostructures comprise one or more of ananotube, a nanowire, or a nanorod.
 5. The circuit board of claim 1,wherein the linear nanostructures are substantially completelypositioned inside the polar molecular layer pattern.
 6. The circuitboard of claim 1, wherein the linear nano structures are aligned in alongitudinal direction of the one or more channels.
 7. The circuit boardof claim 1, comprising: at least two of the channels disposed on thepolar molecular layer, each channel extending in a direction between thefirst electrode and the second electrode, wherein at least a portion ofthe nonpolar molecular layer pattern is disposed between each channel;and at least one additional channel disposed on the polar molecularlayer pattern for coupling the at least two channels extending in adirection between the first electrode and the second electrode.
 8. Thecircuit board of claim 1, further comprising: an additional polarmolecular layer pattern and an additional nonpolar molecular layerpattern, which are disposed on the one or more channels; and one or moreadditional channels disposed on the additional polar molecular layerpattern and electrically coupling the first electrode to the secondelectrode.
 9. A circuit board comprising: a substrate; a polar molecularlayer pattern and a nonpolar molecular layer pattern, which are disposedon the substrate; a first electrode and a second electrode, which aredisposed on the substrate; and one or more channels disposed on thepolar molecular layer pattern, the one or more channels including linearnanostructures, wherein the one or more channels facilitate electricalcoupling of the first electrode to the second electrode, and wherein thecircuit board is configured so that a number of the one or more channelscorrelates with a resistance value between the first electrode and thesecond electrode.
 10. The circuit board of claim 9, further comprising:an additional polar molecular layer pattern and an additional nonpolarmolecular layer pattern, which are disposed on the one or more channels;and one or more additional channels disposed on the additional polarmolecular layer pattern and electrically coupling the first electrode tothe second electrode.
 11. The circuit board of claim 9, wherein thelinear nanostructures comprise one or more of a nanotube, a nanowire, ora nanorod.
 12. The circuit board of claim 9, comprising at least twochannels disposed on the polar molecular layer pattern, the at least twochannels including linear nanostructures, wherein at least a portion ofthe nonpolar molecular layer pattern is disposed between each channel.13. A circuit board comprising: a substrate; a nonpolar molecular layerpattern disposed on the substrate; a first electrode and a secondelectrode, which are disposed on the substrate; and one or more channelsdisposed on an exposed region of the substrate that is not covered bythe nonpolar molecular layer pattern, the one or more channels includinglinear nanostructures, wherein the one or more channels facilitateelectrical coupling of the first electrode to the second electrode, andwherein the circuit board is configured so that a number of the one ormore channels correlates with a resistance value between the firstelectrode and the second electrode.
 14. The circuit board of claim 13,wherein the linear nanostructures comprise one or more of a nanotube, ananowire, or a nanorod.
 15. The circuit board of claim 13, wherein thenonpolar molecular layer pattern is a monolayer pattern having acompound with a methyl end.
 16. The circuit board of claim 13, furthercomprising: an additional nonpolar molecular layer pattern, which isdisposed on the one or more channels; and one or more additionalchannels disposed on an exposed region of the substrate that is notcovered by the additional nonpolar molecular layer pattern, wherein theone or more additional channels electrically couple the first electrodeand the second electrode.
 17. The circuit board of claim 13, wherein thenonpolar molecular layer pattern is a monolayer pattern having acompound selected from the group consisting of 1-octadecanethiol (ODT),octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS), andoctadecyltriethoxysilane (OTE).
 18. A circuit board comprising asubstrate; a nonpolar molecular layer pattern disposed on the substrate;a first electrode and a second electrode, which are disposed on thesubstrate; and one or more channels disposed on an exposed region of thesubstrate that is not covered by the nonpolar molecular layer pattern,the one or more channels including linear nanostructures, wherein theone or more channels facilitate electrical coupling of the firstelectrode to the second electrode, wherein the one or more channels areeach disposed between two or more linear portions of the nonpolarmolecular layer pattern, and wherein a width of at least one of thechannels is less than half of the average length of the linearnanostructures.
 19. The circuit board of claim 18, wherein the linearnanostructures are substantially completely positioned inside theexposed region of the substrate that is not covered by the nonpolarmolecular layer pattern.
 20. The circuit board of claim 18, wherein thelinear nanostructures are aligned in a longitudinal direction of the oneor more channels.
 21. The circuit board of claim 18, comprising: atleast two of the channels disposed on the exposed region of thesubstrate that is not covered by the nonpolar molecular layer pattern,each channel extending in a direction between the first electrode andthe second electrode, wherein at least a portion of the nonpolarmolecular layer pattern is disposed between each channel; and at leastone additional channel disposed on the exposed region of the substratethat is not covered by the nonpolar molecular layer pattern for couplingthe at least two channels extending in a direction between the firstelectrode and the second electrode.
 22. A circuit board comprising: asubstrate; a polar molecular layer pattern and a nonpolar molecularlayer pattern, which are disposed on the substrate; a first electrodeand a second electrode, which are disposed on the substrate; and atleast two channel disposed on the polar molecular layer pattern, the atleast two channels including linear nanostructures, wherein the one ormore channels facilitate electrical coupling of the first electrode tothe second electrode, wherein at least a portion of the nonpolarmolecular layer pattern is disposed between each channel, and wherein anumber of linear nanostructures that form an angle of 45° or less withrespect to a longitudinal direction of the at least two channels is atleast about twice a number of the linear nanostructure that form anangle greater than 45° with respect to the longitudinal direction of theat least two channels.
 23. The circuit board of claim 22, wherein the atleast two of the channels disposed on the polar molecular layer haveabout the same width.
 24. The circuit board of claim 22, wherein the atleast two of the channels disposed on the polar molecular layer aregenerally parallel.
 25. The circuit board of claim 22, wherein the polarmolecular layer pattern is a monolayer pattern having a compoundselected from the group consisting of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid(MHA), 2-mercaptoimidazole (2-MI), cysteamine, andaminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES).
 26. The circuit board of claim 22,wherein the nonpolar molecular layer pattern is a monolayer patternhaving a compound selected from the group consisting of1-octadecanethiol (ODT), octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS),octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS), and octadecyltriethoxysilane (OTE).27. The circuit board of claim 22, wherein the linear nanostructurescomprise carbon nanotubes.
 28. The circuit board of claim 22, whereinthe linear nanostructures comprise a conductive polymer, vanadium oxide,indium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, cadmium oxide, silicon, germanium,gallium nitride.